# Time Machine Setup Guide (macOS)

*Updated: January 21, 2026*

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## ⏰ What is Time Machine?

Time Machine is macOS's built-in backup system. It automatically backs up:
- All your files and folders
- Applications
- System settings
- Emails, messages, photos

**Key feature:** You can "go back in time" and restore any version of any file.

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## ✅ Why You Need Time Machine

| Layer | What It Protects | Frequency |
|-------|------------------|-----------|
| **Time Machine** | EVERYTHING locally | Hourly |
| **rclone + Cloud** | Critical data/configs | Daily |
| **Git + GitHub** | Code only | Per commit |

**Time Machine is your safety net if:**
- Your hard drive fails
- You accidentally delete something
- You need to restore to yesterday's version

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## 🛠️ Step 1: Get an External Drive

**Requirements:**
- USB-C, Thunderbolt, or USB 3.0 drive
- At least **2x your current used space**
- For you (Mac mini): **1 TB minimum recommended**

**Recommended drives (2026):**
| Drive | Capacity | Price | Notes |
|-------|----------|-------|-------|
| Samsung T7 Shield | 2 TB | ~$120 | Fast, portable, rugged |
| WD My Passport | 2 TB | ~$80 | Budget-friendly |
| LaCie Rugged | 2 TB | ~$140 | Very durable |
| Seagate Backup Plus | 2 TB | ~$70 | Value option |

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## 🔌 Step 2: Connect and Format

### 2.1 Connect the Drive
Plug it into your Mac mini via USB-C or adapter.

### 2.2 Open Disk Utility
1. Press `Cmd + Space`
2. Type "Disk Utility"
3. Press Enter

### 2.3 Format the Drive (if new/used)
1. Select your external drive in the sidebar
2. Click "Erase" at the top
3. Configure:
   - **Name:** `Time Machine Backup` (or whatever you want)
   - **Format:** APFS
   - **Scheme:** GUID Partition Map
4. Click "Erase"
5. Wait for it to finish

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## ⏱️ Step 3: Set Up Time Machine

### 3.1 Open Time Machine Settings
1. Click  Apple menu
2. Go to **System Settings** > **General** > **Time Machine**
   - OR: Press `Cmd + Space`, type "Time Machine"

### 3.2 Select Your Backup Disk
1. Click "Add Backup Disk" or "Select Backup Disk"
2. Choose your newly formatted drive
3. Click "Set Up Disk"

### 3.3 Configure Options
Time Machine will ask about:
- **Encrypt backups:** ✅ YES (recommended)
  - Set a strong password
  - Save to 1Password: "Time Machine Encryption Password"

### 3.4 Initial Backup
- First backup takes **several hours** (could be overnight)
- Your Mac must stay on and connected to the drive
- You can continue using it during backup

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## 📊 Step 4: What Gets Backed Up

Time Machine backs up everything except:
- System caches
- Temporary files
- Trash
- (optional) Exclusions you set

**View or exclude folders:**
1. System Settings > General > Time Machine
2. Click "Options..."
3. Add folders to exclude (e.g., large VM files)

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## 🔍 Step 5: How to Use Time Machine

### Restore Specific Files
1. Click the Time Machine icon in the menu bar (clock icon)
2. Select "Enter Time Machine"
3. Navigate to the date you want
4. Find the file/folder
5. Click "Restore"

### Restore Entire System
1. Boot into Recovery Mode:
   - Intel: Hold `Cmd + R` while restarting
   - Apple Silicon: Hold power button → "Options"
2. Select "Restore from Time Machine Backup"
3. Follow the prompts

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## 📱 Step 6: For Your MacBook Pro

Since your MacBook Pro isn't always on, you have two options:

### Option A: Separate Time Machine Drive
- Keep one external drive for Mac mini (always connected)
- Keep a second external drive for MacBook Pro
- Manually connect MacBook Pro periodically (weekly)

### Option B: Network Time Machine
- Use a NAS (Network Attached Storage) like Synology
- Both Macs backup to same NAS over WiFi
- Requires initial setup but automatic thereafter

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## 📅 Step 7: Best Practices

| Task | Frequency |
|------|-----------|
| Keep drive connected | Always (for Mac mini) |
| Verify backups | Monthly |
| Test restore | Quarterly |
| Replace drive | Every 3-5 years |

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## 🔧 Step 8: Troubleshooting

### "Not enough disk space"
- Time Machine automatically deletes oldest backups
- If still full: exclude large folders or upgrade drive

### "Backup delayed"
- Check if drive is properly connected
- Verify disk permissions: `diskutil verifyVolume /Volumes/DRIVE_NAME`

### "Unable to complete backup"
- First backup may fail if interrupted
- Start fresh: reformat drive and begin again

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## ✅ Checklist

- [ ] External drive purchased (1 TB+)
- [ ] Drive formatted as APFS
- [ ] Time Machine configured
- [ ] Encryption enabled
- [ ] Encryption password saved to 1Password
- [ ] First backup completed
- [ ] Time Machine icon in menu bar verified
- [ ] MacBook Pro backup plan decided

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## 💛 Pro Tips

1. **Check backup health:** Time Machine > Options > "Verify Backups"
2. **Multiple drives:** Rotate between 2 drives for safety
3. **Offsite:** Keep one drive at a different location (fire/theft)
4. **Monthly:** Enter Time Machine and verify you can browse old versions

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## 🆘 Need Help?

- Apple Support: https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201250
- Tag Buba in Discord

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**Remember:** Time Machine is your first line of defense. Combine it with cloud backups and git for bulletproof protection. 🛡️
